Article 20, concerning the competences of the chairperson and the deputy chairperson of the CEC, may complicate the proceedings of election commissions considerably. In the first place, it is difficult to see how the chairperson should chair the meetings together with the deputy chairperson. If s/he only represents the CEC jointly with the deputy chairperson, this would mean that during absences, the latter is not able to replace the former. In fact, the chairperson is always accompanied by the deputy chairperson, while the last sentence of paragraph 3 contains a very broad exception that may lead to difficult discussions about the validity of the chairperson’s orders. Normally, a chairperson is competent to act under general ex post supervision and a deputy chairperson officiates only when the chairperson is not available.