Just as electoral integrity requires an extensive set of steps and conditions, failings of electoral integrity can occur in many ways. Election fraud is most often associated with irregularities on election day, including suppressing or intimidating voters, stuffing ballot boxes with extra ballots, altering the contents of ballot boxes, deliberately miscounting the votes, or misreporting the counts. However, election integrity can also be compromised in other parts of the election process. Schedler (2002), list of possible malpractices, including

• restrictions or de-facto hurdles in the registration of candidates or voters


• restrictions on the right to assembly, on campaigns, or the use of public resources and media for campaigning


• use of coercion or threats to affect citizens’ participation in elections


• vote buying


• partisan bias in the electoral rules


• alteration of the ballot or ballot-box stuffing


• rigging the election count or the reporting of the count


• preventing elected officials from taking office


• depriving elected bodies of their decision making power