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Reference documents
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1. The principles of Europe's electoral heritage

  • 1. The principles of Europe's electoral heritage
  • 1.1 Universal suffrage
  • 1.1.1 Conditions and exceptions
  • 1.1.1.1 Age
  • 1.1.1.2 Nationality
  • 1.1.1.3 Residence
  • 1.1.1.4 Restrictions to the right to vote
  • 1.1.2 Voters' registration and registers
  • 1.1.2.1 Verifying procedure of the voter's register
  • 1.1.2.2 Periodic update of the register
  • 1.1.2.3 Registration on the day of the election
  • 1.1.3 Submission of candidatures
  • 1.1.3.1 Restrictions to the right to be candidate
  • 1.1.3.2 Submission of a list of candidates
  • 1.1.3.3 Individual submission of candidature
  • 1.2 Equal suffrage
  • 1.2.1 Equal voting rights
  • 1.2.2 Equal voting power/constituency delimitation
  • 1.2.3 Equality and national minorities
  • 1.2.4 Equality and parity of the sexes
  • 1.3 Free suffrage
  • 1.3.1 Freedom of voters to form an opinion
  • 1.3.1.1 Media
  • 1.3.1.1.1 Coverage of the election campaign
  • 1.3.1.1.2 Accessibility to the media by participants in the election
  • 1.3.1.1.3 Surveys
  • 1.3.2 Freedom of voters to express their wishes
  • 1.3.2.1 Ballots and election material
  • 1.3.2.2 Voting procedures
  • 1.3.2.2.1 Voting by proxy
  • 1.3.2.2.2 Distance voting
  • 1.3.2.2.3 Other special voting procedures
  • 1.3.2.2.4 Combating electoral fraud
  • 1.3.2.3 Counting procedures/validity of ballots
  • 1.3.2.4 Aggregation procedure and election results
  • 1.4 Secret suffrage
  • 1.4.1 Exceptions
  • 1.5 Direct suffrage
  • 1.5.1 Indirect suffrage
  • 1.6 Frequency of elections
  • 1.6.1 By-elections, repeat and re-run elections
  • 1.6.2 Second round of voting

2 Organising the elections

  • 2 Organising the elections
  • 2.1 The competent bodies and their tasks
  • 2.1.1 Electoral commissions
  • 2.1.2 Executive bodies
  • 2.1.3 Jurisdictions
  • 2.1.4 Others
  • 2.2 Polling station
  • 2.3 Observation
  • 2.3.1 National observers
  • 2.3.2 International observers
  • 2.4 Complaints and appeals
  • 2.5 Election campaign
  • 2.6 Campaign finance
  • 2.7 Election funding
  • 2.8 Security
  • 2.9 Electoral offences and sanctions

3 Electoral systems

  • 3 Electoral systems
  • 3.1 Majoritarian systems
  • 3.2 Proportional systems
  • 3.3 Mixed systems

4 Types of elections

  • 4 Types of elections
  • 4.1 Parliamentary elections
  • 4.1.1 Lower house
  • 4.1.2 Upper house
  • 4.2 Presidential elections
  • 4.3 Regional and federate elections
  • 4.4 Departmental/provincial elections
  • 4.5 Local elections
  • 4.5.1 Elections of the local executive body
  • 4.6 Election of non-political bodies
  • 4.7 European elections

5 Referendum/Consultation

  • 5 Referendum/Consultation
  • 5.1 Nature of the referendum
  • 5.1.1 Mandatory referendum
  • 5.1.2 Referendum requested by an authority
  • 5.1.3 Referendum requested by part of the electorate
  • 5.1.3.1 Gathering of signatures
  • 5.2 Content of the referendum
  • 5.2.1 Type of act
  • 5.2.2 Subject
  • 5.2.2.1 Self-determination
  • 5.3 Validity of the question
  • 5.4 Effects of the referendum

6 Political parties

  • 6 Political parties
  • 6.1 Names and logos
  • 6.2 Coalitions
  • 6.3 Constitution of the list of candidates
  • 6.4 Special conditions to participate in the elections
Members
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Korea, Republic
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Morocco
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation (The Russian Federation ceased to be a member on March 23rd, 2022)
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tunisia
Türkiye
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States of America
 
Associate Members
Belarus (suspended on 17 March 2022)
 
Observers
Argentina
Holy See
Japan
Uruguay
 
Special Status
European Union
OSCE/ODIHR
Palestinian National Authority
South Africa
 

Bolivia
Colombia
Cuba
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
The Dominican Republic
Venezuela

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The VOTA database was created within the framework of the joint programme between the Venice Commission and the European Commission "Democracy through free and fair elections". It is managed jointly by the Secretariat of the Venice Commission and by the Mexican Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (TEPJF).