Council of Europe - Venice Commission

BELARUS - Constitution (2004)

Article 82;

CROATIA - Extracts of the Constitution (2013)

Article 95;

CZECH REPUBLIC - Constitution (1993)

Article 102; Article 18;

FRANCE - Extracts of the Constitution (1995)

Article 7;

HUNGARY - Extracts of the Constitution (2013)

Article 11;

KAZAKHSTAN - Constitution (2011)

Article 41;

MOLDOVA - Extracts of the Constitution (1994)

Article 78;

TUNISIA - Constitution (2014)

Article 75;

ALBANIA - Electoral Code (2003)

Article 66;

ARMENIA - Electoral Code (2002)

Article 104; Article 105; Article 106; Article 107; Article 108; Article 109; Article 114; Article 116; Article 118; Article 120; Article 133; Article 134; Article 64; Article 85;

ARMENIA - Electoral Code (2021)

Article 105; Article 141; Article 144;

ARMENIA - Electoral Code (2022)

Article 104 (1);

ARMENIA - Electoral Code (2016)

Article 105; Article 141; Article 144;

ARMENIA - Electoral Code (2018)

Article 105; Article 134; Article 141;

ARMENIA- Electoral Code (2007)

Article 104; Article 105; Article 106; Article 108; Article 109; Article 116; Article 120; Article 63; Article 64;

AZERBAIJAN - Election Code (2003)

Article 143;

AZERBAIJAN - Election Code (2013)

Article 205;

AZERBAIJAN - Election Code (2019)

Article 143; Article 169; Article 203; Article 205;

AZERBAIJAN - Law on Local Elections (1999)

Article 1; Article 5;

BELARUS - Electoral Code (2015)

Article 79; Article 82; Article 87; Article 89;

BELARUS - Electoral Code (2013)

Article 79; Article 79; Article 82; Article 87; Article 89;

BELGIUM - Electoral Code (2014)

Article 214;

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA - Election Law (2016)

Article 9.14;

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA - Election Law of the Brcko District (2003)

Article 2.6 (.6);

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINIA - Election Law (2001)

Article 12.03 (.03); Article 13.07 (.07); Article 9.14 (.14); Article 9.15 (.15);

BULGARIA - Election Code (2019)

Article 310; Article 400;

BULGARIA - Election Code (2020)

Article 310; Article 400;

BULGARIA - Election Code (2021)

Article 310; Article 400;

BULGARIA - Election Code (2014)

Article 310 ;

BULGARIA - Election Code (2023)

Article 310;

BULGARIA - Election Code (2017)

Article 310; Article 400;

CANADA - Elections Act (2019)

Article 313 ;

COSTA RICA - Electoral Act (2009)

ARTICLE 201; ARTICLE 202;

CROATIA - Act on Local Elections 2012 and Act on Amendments 2016 (2012)

Article 88; Article 94;

CROATIA - Act on the Election of National Minority Councils and Representatives (2019)

Article 53; Article 54;

CROATIA - Law on the Election of the President (2011)

Article 17;

CROATIA- The Law on the election of the President (1992)

Article 17; Article 8;

CZECH REPUBLIC - Act on Elections to the Parliament (2006)

Article 1; Article 58; Article 75; Article 76;

CZECH REPUBLIC- Act on Elections to the Parliament and on Amendments of Certain Other Acts (1995)

Article 58;

DENMARK - Local and Regional Government Elections Act (2024)

Section 81; Section 82; Section 84; Section 85; Section 86;

ESTONIA - President of the Republic Election Act (2013)

Paragraph 16; Paragraph 18; Paragraph 19; Paragraph 25; Paragraph 26;

ESTONIA - Referendum Act (2002)

Article 2;

ESTONIA – President of the Republic Election Act (1996)

§ 16. ;

GERMANY - Federal Elections Act (2013)

Article 5; Section 5;

GERMANY – Federal Elections Act (amended March 2024) (1993)

Section 6;

HUNGARY - Act CCIII of 2011 on the election of the Members of the National Assembly (2025)

Section 13 ; Section 19 ;

HUNGARY - Act CCIII of 2011 On the Elections of Members of Parliament (2011)

Section 13; Section 14; Section 15; Section 16; Section 16; Section 17; Section 19; Section 20; Section 20; Section 4 ; Section 5; Section 6;

HUNGARY - Act CCIII on the Election of Members of the National Assembly (2021)

Section 13 ; Section 19 ;

HUNGARY - Act L of 2010 on the Election of Local Government Representatives and Mayors (2024)

Section 12; Section 13; Section 14; Section 21; Section 8;

HUNGARY - Act L of 2010 on the Election of Municipal Representatives and Mayors (2010)

Section 12; Section 13; Section 14; Section 21; Section 8;

HUNGARY - Act No XXXIV of 1989 on the Election of Members of Parliament (1989)

Article 7;

HUNGARY - Act XXXVI of 2013 on election procedure (2024)

Section 306 (A); Section 306 (B); Section 306 (C); Section 307 (E); Section 307 (G);

HUNGARY - Act XXXVI of 2013 on election procedure (as of December 2024) (2025)

Section 306 (A); Section 306 (B); Section 306 (C); Section 307 (E); Section 307 (G);

HUNGARY - Act XXXVI of 2013 on Electoral Procedure (2018)

Section 294; Section 297; Section 306 (A); Section 306 (B); Section 306 (C); Section 307 (A); Section 307 (E); Section 307 (G);

HUNGARY - Act XXXVI of 2013 on Electoral Procedure (2013)

Section 252; Section 294; Section 297; Section 306 (A); Section 306 (B); Section 306 (C); Section 307 (A); Section 307 (E); Section 307 (G);

HUNGARY - Act XXXVI on Election Procedure (2021)

Section 306 (A); Section 306 (B); Section 306 (C); Section 307 (E); Section 307 (G);

HUNGARY – Act L of 2010 on the election of local government representatives and mayors (2025)

Section 12 ; Section 13 ; Section 14 ; Section 21 ;

KOSOVO - Law No. 03/L-072 on Local Elections (2008)

Article 9;

LITHUANIA - Law on Elections to the Seimas (2018)

Article 88;

LITHUANIA - Law on Presidential Elections (2013)

Article 74;

MALTA - Referenda Act (2023)

Article 20;

MEXICO - General Law on Electoral Institutions and Procedures of Mexico (2014)

Article 314; Article 362; Article 368; Article 369; Article 370; Article 371;

MOLDOVA - Electoral Code (2019)

Article 120; Article 121; Article 128; Article 145; Article 178; Article 208;

MOLDOVA - Electoral Code 2016 and 2017 Law for Amending and Completing Certain Legislative Acts (Electoral System for the Election of Parliament) (2017)

Article 1; Article 109; Article 110; Article 134; Article 198; Article I. (1.); Article I. (30. Article 91); Article I. (30. Article 93);

MOLDOVA – Electoral Code (amended 2025) (2025)

Article 101; Article 146; Article 147; Article 173; Article 208; Article 21; Article 228; Article 31; Article 32; Article 35; Article 38;

MONTENEGRO - Law on the Election of the President (2023)

Article 16; Article 17; Article 18;

MONTENEGRO - The Decree on Proclamation of the Law on Election of the President of Montenegro (2016)

Article 16; Article 17; Article 18;

NETHERLANDS - Elections Act (2013)

Section P9; Section U12; Section U13; Section U9;

NORTH MACEDONIA - ELECTORAL CODE (2019)

Article 4;

NORWAY - Election Act (2018)

Paragraph 12 (1); Paragraph 12 (2); Paragraph 12 (3); Paragraph 14 (2);

NORWAY - Election Act (2021)

Section 12 (1); Section 12 (3); Section 14 (2);

POLAND - Election Code (2019)

Article 256;

POLAND - Election Code (2011)

Article 256;

POLAND - Election of the President (2004)

Article 8B (B);

POLAND - Parliamentary Election Law (2001)

Article 189;

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA - Electoral Code (2022)

Article 101; Article 146; Article 147; Article 173; Article 208; Article 21; Article 228; Article 239; Article 31; Article 32; Article 35; Article 38;

ROMANIA - Law for the Election of Local Public Administration Authorities (2022)

Article 137 (10);

ROMANIA - Law no. 115 for the election of local public administration authorities, amending the Law of local public administration no. 215/2001, as well as amending and supplementing Law no. 393/2004 on the statute of local elected offi cials (2015)

Article 101; Article 102; Article 42;

ROMANIA - Law No. 208 (2015)

Article 8 ;

ROMANIA - LAW No. 208 of 20 July 2015 on the election of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, as well as on the organisation and functioning of the Permanent Electoral Authority (2024)

Article 8;

ROMANIA - Law No. 370 (2024)

Article 1 ; Article 2;

ROMANIA - Law no. 370 on the election of the President of Romania Republished (2004)

Article 1; Article 2;

ROMANIA - Law on the Election of the President of Romania (2022)

Article 1; Article 2;

ROMANIA - Law on the Election of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the Organisation and Functioning of the Permanente Electoral Authority (2020)

Article 8;

ROMANIA - Regulations for the 2016 Election of Local Public Administration Authorities (2015)

Article 101;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - Federal Law on Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right of Citizens of the Russian Federation to Participate in a Referendum (2011)

Article 18; Article 71;

SERBIA - Law on Election of the President of the Republic (2009)

Article 18; Article 19; Article 20;

SERBIA - Law on the Election of the President of the Republic (2022)

Article 21; Article 23;

SLOVENIA - Local Elections Act (2023)

Article 10; Article 106; Article 11; Article 19; Article 21; Article 48 ; Article 82; Article 85; Article 87; Article 9;

SLOVENIA- National Assembly Elections Act (2000)

Article 19; Article 96;

SWITZERLAND - Federal Act on Political Rights (2022)

Article 47;

SWITZERLAND - Federal Act on Political Rights (2015)

Article 47;

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA - Electoral Code (2015)

Article 4;

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA- Law on Local Elections (2004)

Article 70;

TÜRKIYE - Law on Elections of Local Administrations and Neighborhood Mukhtars and Board of Elderman (2012)

Article 2; Article 22;

TÜRKIYE - Law on Presidential Elections with Amendments made by Laws 7062, 7102 and 7140 (2018)

Article 4;

TÜRKIYE - Presidential Elections Law (2013)

Article 4;

UKRAINE - Election Code (2020)

Article 192;

UKRAINE - Election Code (2022)

Article 192;

UKRAINE - Law on Elections of Deputies of Local Radas and of Village, Settlement, City Chairmen (1998)

Article 2; Article 3; Article 4;

UKRAINE - Law on Elections of People's Deputies (2005)

Article 1;

UKRAINE - Law on Elections of the People's Deputies (2016)

Article 99.;

UNITED KINGDOM - Elections Act (2022)

Article 13;

UNITED KINGDOM - Elections Act (2024)

13;

UNITED KINGDOM - European Parliamentary Elections Act (2002)

Article 2;

ARMENIA - Joint Opinion on Draft Amendments to the Electoral Code and Related Legislation (2023)

Paragraph 11;

ARMENIA - Joint Opinion on the Draf Electoral Code (As of 18 April 2016) (2016)

Paragraph 101; Paragraph 102; Paragraph 100; Paragraph 103; Paragraph 11; Paragraph 12; Paragraph 13; Paragraph 23;

ARMENIA - Joint Urgent Opinion on Amendemnts to the Electoral Code and Related Legislation (2021)

Paragraph 23; Paragraph 38; Paragraph 45;

ARMENIA- Joint Opinion on the Election Code (2008)

Paragraph 26; Paragraph 27; Paragraph 68; Paragraph 69;

BULGARIA- Joint Opinion on the Draft Election Code (2014)

Paragraph 25; Paragraph 26;

GEORGIA - Opinion on the Draft Organic Law on: Making amendments and additions into the Organic Law-Election Code of Georgia (2005)

Paragraph 14; Paragraph 17;

GEORGIA - Opinion on the Unified Election Code (2002)

Paragraph 85; Paragraph 90;

HUNGARY - Joint Opinion on the 2020 Amendments to the Electoral Legislation (2021)

Paragraph 39; Paragraph 40;

KYRGYZ REPUBLIC- Joint Opinion on the Draft Electoral Law (2014)

Paragraph 129;

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinion on Amendments to the Electoral Code and other Related Laws Concerning Ineligibility of Persons Connected to Political Parties Declared Unconstitutional (2023)

Paragraph 20;

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinion on the Draft Laws on Amending and Completing Certain Legislative Acts (Electoral System for the Election of the Parliament) (2017)

Paragraph 29; Paragraph 30; Paragraph 31; Paragraph 32; Paragraph 33; Paragraph 34; Paragraph 35; Paragraph 36; Paragraph 37; Paragraph 38; Paragraph 39; Paragraph 40; Paragraph 48; Paragraph 49; Paragraph 50; Paragraph 51; Paragraph 54; Paragraph 55;

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinión on the Law for Amending and Completing Certain Legislative Acts (Electoral System for the Election of the Parliament) (2018)

Paragraph 27; Paragraph 28;

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinion on the Legal Framework of Governing the Funding of Political Parties and Electoral Campaigns (2017)

Paragraph 33; Paragraph 36;

MOLDOVA- Joint Opinion on the Draft Law Amending the Electoral Legislation (2014)

Paragraph 16; Paragraph 17; Paragraph 28; Paragraph 36; Paragraph 39; Paragraph 40; Paragraph 42;

MOLDOVA- Joint Recommendations on the Electoral Law and the Electoral Administration (2004)

Paragraph 8;

MOLDOVA- Opinion on the Law of the Gagauz Autonomous Territorial Unit of the Election of the Governor of Gagauzia (2007)

Paragraph 14; Paragraph 15; Paragraph 16; Paragraph 17;

Report on Democracy, Limitation of Mandates and Incompatibility of Political Functions (2012)

Paragraph 65;

Report on Dual Voting For Persons Belonging to National Minorities (2008)

Paragraph 21; Paragraph 42;

Report on Electoral Law and Electoral Administration in Europe (2020)

Paragraph 246; Paragraph 247; Paragraph 248; Paragraph 249;

Report on Electoral Rules and Affirmative Action for National Minorities´Participation in Decision-Making Process in European Countries (2005)

Paragraph 57;

Report on Proportional Electoral Systems: The Allocation of seats inside the lists (open/closed) lists (2015)

Paragraph 13;

Report on the Impact of Electoral Systems on Women's Representation in Politics (2009)

Paragraph 110; Paragraph 111; Paragraph 17; Paragraph 42; Paragraph 43; Paragraph 44; Paragraph 45; Paragraph 52; Paragraph 77;

Report on the Thresholds and other Features of Electoral Systems which bar Parties from acces to Parliament (II) (2010)

Paragraph 17; Paragraph 18;

SERBIA - Joint opinion on the constitutional and legal framework governing the functioning of democratic institutions - Electoral law and electoral administration (2022)

Paragraph 48; Paragraph 55;

SERBIA - Joint Recommendations on the Laws on Parliamentary, Presidential and Local Elections and Electoral Administration (2006)

Paragraph 85;

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA- Joint Opinion on the Electoral Code (2006)

Paragraph 14; Paragraph 151; Paragraph 152; Paragraph 153;

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA- Joint Opinion on the Revised Electoral Code (2011)

Paragraph 3D.26 (D.26);

TÜRKIYE - Joint Opinion on Amendments to the Electoral Legislation and Related "Harmonisation Laws" Adopted in March and April 2018 (2018)

Paragraph 35; Paragraph 36;

UKRAINE - Joint Opinion on the Draft Amendments to the Laws on Election of People's Deputies and on the Central Election Commission and on the Draft Law on Repeat Elections of Ukraine (2013)

Paragraph 15;

UKRAINE - Joint Opinion on the Draft Law on Elections of People's Deputies (2011)

Paragraph 20; Paragraph 21;

UKRAINE- Opinion on the draft Law on election of people's deputies (Draft introducted by people's deputies S. Havrish, Y. Ioffe and H. Dashutin) (2003)

Paragraph 19;

VENEZUELA - ON THE LEGAL ISSUES RAISED BY DECREE No. 2878 OF 23 MAY 2017 OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC ON CALLING ELECTIONS TO A NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (2017)

Paragraph 55; Paragraph 72;

REPORT ON CONSTITUENCY DELINEATION AND SEAT ALLOCATION (2017)

Paragraph 111;

Report on Electoral Systems - Overview of available solutions and selection criteria (2003)

Paragraph 13; Paragraph 14; Paragraph 15; Paragraph 29; Paragraph 30; Paragraph 43; Paragraph 55; Paragraph 56; Paragraph 57; Paragraph 58; Paragraph 95; Paragraph 97;