Council of Europe - Venice Commission

MOLDOVA - Electoral Code 2016 and 2017 Law for Amending and Completing Certain Legislative Acts (Electoral System for the Election of Parliament) (2017)

MOLDOVA – Electoral Code (amended 2025) (2025)

MOLDOVA- Electoral Code (1997)

Article 12; Article 124; Article 125; Article 126; Article 127; Article 13; Article 138; Article 26; Article 41; Article 42; Article 43; Article 44; Article 77; Article 78; Article 79; Article 80;

MOLDOVA- Law on the Election of the President (1996)

Article 1; Article 19; Article 2; Article 20; Article 21; Article 4;

MONTENEGRO - Law on Election of Councillors and Representatives (2023)

Article 103; Article 11; Article 24; Article 26; Article 27; Article 32; Article 35 (a); Article 36; Article 38; Article 39; Article 39 (a); Article 4; Article 40; Article 42; Article 43; Article 46; Article 47; Article 48; Article 48 (a);

MONTENEGRO - Law on the Election of the President (2023)

Article 1; Article 4; Article 5; Article 6; Article 7; Article 8; Article 9;

MONTENEGRO - The Decree on Proclamation of the Law on Election of the President of Montenegro (2016)

Article 1; Article 4; Article 6; Article 7 ; Article 8;

MONTENEGRO- Law on the Election of Councillors and Representatives (2002)

NETHERLANDS - Elections Act (1989)

Article 2F1 (F1); Article 2F2 (F2);

NETHERLANDS - Elections Act (2013)

NETHERLANDS – Elections Act 2013 (as of 2025) (2013)

Article Ea 13; Article Ea 8; Article F 1; Article G 1; Article G 1 (a); Article G 2; Article G 2 (a); Article G 3; Article G 6; Article H 1; Article H 10; Article H 10 (a); Article H 11; Article H 12; Article H 13; Article H 13 (a); Article H 14; Article H 15; Article H 16; Article H 2; Article H 3; Article H 4; Article H 5; Article H 6; Article H 7; Article H 8; Article H 9; Article I 1; Article I 10; Article I 11; Article I 12; Article I 13; Article I 14; Article I 15; Article I 16; Article I 17; Article I 18; Article I 19; Article I 2; Article I 20; Article I 3; Article I 4; Article I 5; Article I 6; Article I 7; Article I 8; Article I 9; Article J 1; Article J 2; Article J 5; Article J 7; Article J 9; Article K 3; Article K 6; Article K 8; Article L 11; Article L 7; Article L 8; Article M 6; Article M 6 (b); Article M 7; Article N 1; Article N 18; Article Na 27; Article O 17; Article O 6; Article P 1 (d); Article P 20 (b); Article Pa 15; Article Pa 2; Article Pa 9; Article Q 4; Article Q 6; Article Q 7; Article R 1; Article R 10; Article R 11; Article R 2; Article R 3; Article R 4; Article R 5; Article R 6; Article R 7; Article R 8; Article R 9; Article R 9 (a); Article S 1; Article S 1 (a); Article S 10; Article S 11; Article S 12; Article S 13; Article S 14; Article S 15; Article S 16; Article S 2; Article S 3; Article S 4; Article S 5; Article S 6; Article S 7; Article S 8; Article S 9; Article T 1; Article U 1; Article Ua 4; Article V 10; Article V 4; Article X 1; Article Y 22 (a); Article Y 28; Article Y 3; Article Y 30; Article Y 32; Article Y 34; Article Y 35; Article Y 4; Article Ya 10; Article Ya 10 (a); Article Ya 14; Article Ya 15; Article Ya 16; Article Ya 17; Article Ya 27; Article Ya 31 (b); Article Ya 31 (a); Article Ya 4; Article Ya 43; Article Ya 44; Article Ya 46; Article Ya 5; Article Ya 9; Section W 8; Section Ya 31;

NORTH MACEDONIA - ELECTORAL CODE (2019)

NORWAY - Election Act (2018)

Paragraph 3 (4); Paragraph 6 (1); Paragraph 6 (2); Paragraph 6 (4); Paragraph 6 (5);

NORWAY - Election Act (2021)

Section 11 (7); Section 11 (10); Section 11 (11); Section 3 (1); Section 3 (3); Section 3 (4); Section 6 (1); Section 6 (2); Section 6 (3); Section 6 (4); Section 6 (5); Section 6 (7); Section 6 (8); Section 6 (9);

POLAND - Election Code (2019)

POLAND - Election Code (2011)

POLAND - Election Code Amendments (2023)

Article (8a); Article 11; Article 182; Article 204; Article 205 ; Article 209; Article 211; Article 217; Article 217; Article 265; Article 265 (a); Article 279; Article 303 ; Article 304;

POLAND - Parliamentary Election Law (2001)

Article 1; Article 139; Article 188; Article 194; Article 8; Article 96;

PORTUGAL - Law Governing Elections to the Assembly of the Republic (2020)

REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA – Electoral Code (2022)

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA - Electoral Code (2022)

ROMANIA - Law for the Election of Local Public Administration Authorities (2022)

Article 108; Article 119; Article 27; Article 47; Article 48; Article 49; Article 50; Article 51; Article 52; Article 53; Article 55; Article 56; Article 6; Article 7; Article 9;

ROMANIA - Law no. 115 for the election of local public administration authorities, amending the Law of local public administration no. 215/2001, as well as amending and supplementing Law no. 393/2004 on the statute of local elected offi cials (2015)

Article 26; Article 47; Article 52; Article 53;

ROMANIA - Law No. 208 (2015)

ROMANIA - LAW No. 208 of 20 July 2015 on the election of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, as well as on the organisation and functioning of the Permanent Electoral Authority (2024)

Article 101; Article 12; Article 13; Article 14; Article 15; Article 68; Article 79; Article 80; Article 94;

ROMANIA - Law no. 208/2015 on the election of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, as well as on the organisation and functioning of the Permanent Electoral Authority (2015)

Article 52; Article 57; Article 58; Article 59; Article 60;

ROMANIA - Law no. 33 on the Rules and Regulations on the Elections to the european Parliament (2009)

Art. 5(2); Article 10 ; Article 12 (1); Article 13;

ROMANIA - Law No. 370 (2024)

Article 16; Article 18; Article 22 ; Article 23; Article 27; Article 28; Article 29; Article 30; Article 31; Article 35; Article 4; Article 40; Article 41; Article 6 ; Article 65;

ROMANIA - Law no. 370 on the election of the President of Romania Republished (2004)

Article 29; Article 31; Article 4; Article 6; Article 65;

ROMANIA - Law on the Election of the President of Romania (2022)

Article 16; Article 18; Article 22; Article 27; Article 28; Article 29; Article 30; Article 31; Article 35; Article 4; Article 40; Article 41; Article 6; Article 65;

ROMANIA - Law on the Election of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the Organisation and Functioning of the Permanente Electoral Authority (2020)

ROMANIA - Law on the Organisation and Conduct of the Elections to the European Parliament (2022)

Article 11; Article 12; Article 14; Article 15; Article 16; Article 17; Article 19; Article 20; Article 25; Article 4; Article 40; Article 43; Article 51; Article 52; Article 66; Article 8; Article II;

ROMANIA- Regulations on The Elections To The Chamber of Deputies and The Senate (2008)

Article 11; Article 29; Article 29 (1); Article 30; Article 30 (1); Article 31; Article 32; Article 33; Article 9;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right of Citizens to Participate in a Referendum (2002)

Article 32; Article 33; Article 35; Article 37; Article 38; Article 4;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - Federal Law on Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right of Citizens of the Russian Federation to Participate in a Referendum (2011)

Article 32; Article 33; Article 38; Article 71; Article 76;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - Federal Law on Elections of Deputies to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (2016)

Article 27; Article 29; Article 39; Article 4; Article 40; Article 43; Article 44; Article 45; Article 46; Article 47; Article 48; Article 50; Article 51; Article 52; Article 55; Article 56; Article 6; Article 96; Article 99;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - Federal Law on Presidential Elections in the Russian Federation (2011)

Article 29; Article 3; Article 32; Article 34; Article 35; Article 36; Article 37; Article 38; Article 39; Article 40; Article 42; Article 6; Article 84;

SAN MARINO - Compilation of Electoral Legislation ()

Article 14;

SERBIA - Decree on Enactment of the Election of the Federal Representatives to the Council of Citizens of the Federal Assembly Law (1993)

Article 10; Article 11; Article 116; Article 3; Article 34; Article 38; Article 39; Article 41; Article 42; Article 46;

SERBIA - Decree on Enactment of the Election of the Federal Representatives to the Council of Citizens of the Federal Assembly Law (2000)

Article 10; Article 11; Article 3;

SERBIA - Law on Electing the President of the Republic (2004)

Article 5;

SERBIA - Law on Election of the President of the Republic (2009)

Article 10; Article 11; Article 12; Article 13; Article 14; Article 9;

SERBIA - Law on Local Elections (2011)

Article 15; Article 18; Article 19; Article 20; Article 21; Article 22; Article 23; Article 24; Article 25; Article 26; Article 27; Article 5;

SERBIA - Law on Local Elections (2020)

Article 15; Article 18; Article 19; Article 20; Article 21; Article 22; Article 23; Article 24; Article 25; Article 26; Article 27; Article 5; Article 6;

SERBIA - Law on the Election of Members of Parliament (2020)

Article 4; Article 40; Article 40 (a); Article 41; Article 42; Article 43; Article 44; Article 45; Article 46; Article 47; Article 9;

SERBIA - Law on the Election of Members of Parliament (2022)

Article 125; Article 131; Article 138; Article 139; Article 72; Article 74; Article 75; Article 76; Article 77; Article 77; Article 78; Article 80; Article 82; Article 83;

SERBIA - Law on the Election of Members of Parliament (2011)

Article 40; Article 40a; Article 41; Article 42; Article 43; Article 44; Article 47; Article 9;

SERBIA - Law on the Election of Representatives (2000)

Article 11; Article 39; Article 4; Article 40; Article 41; Article 42; Article 43; Article 44; Article 45; Article 46; Article 47; Article 48;

SERBIA - Law on the Election of the President of the Republic (2022)

Article 12; Article 13; Article 14; Article 15; Article 16; Article 17; Article 27;

SERBIA - The Law on the Election of Members of Parliament (1997)

Article 4; Article 5;

SLOVAKIA - Act of the National Council on Local Elections (1998)

Article 16; Article 16; Article 17; Article 17; Article 18; Article 18; Article 19; Article 19; Article 21; Article 21; Article 22; Article 22; Article 23; Article 23; Article 3; Article 3; Article 4; Article 56; Article 56;

SLOVAKIA - Act on conditions for the exercise of the right to vote (2019)

Article 103 ; Article 104 ; Article 132 ; Article 133 ; Article 139 ; Article 140 ; Article 141 ; Article 142 ; Article 144 ; Article 145 ; Article 146; Article 147 ; Article 164 ; Article 165 ; Article 171 ; Article 172 ; Article 173; Article 174 ; Article 176 ; Article 177 ; Article 178; Article 179 ; Article 43; Article 5 ; Article 50 ; Article 51; Article 52; Article 53; Article 54; Article 6 ; Article 73 ; Article 80; Article 81 ; Article 82 ; Article 83 ; Article 84 ;

SLOVAKIA - Act on Election of the President of the Slovak Republic, Plebiscite, Recalling of President and Amending of some other Acts (2008)

Article 1 (Section 11 ); Article 1 (Section 12);

SLOVAKIA - Act on Elections to the Bodies of Self-government Regions and on Amendment to the Code of Civil Procedure (2001)

Article 14; Article 15; Article 16; Article 17; Article 19; Article 20; Article 21; Article 22; Article 3; Article 4; Article 53;

SLOVAKIA - Act on Elections to the National Council (2004)

Section 18; Section 19; Section 20; Section 21; Section 22; Section 3;

SLOVAKIA - Law on Procedure of the Election of the President, on Plebiscite and Removal of the President and on Supplementation of several other Laws (1999)

Article 11; Article 11; Article 12; Article 12;

SLOVENIA - Election of Slovenian Members of the European Parliament (2017)

Article 14; Article 15; Article 16; Article 17; Article 18;

SLOVENIA - Election of Members of the European Parliament Act (2004)

Article 14; Article 15; Article 16; Article 17 ; Article 18 ;

SLOVENIA - Elections and Referendum Campaign Act (2013)

Article 17; Article 18; Article 3;

SLOVENIA - Elections and Referendum Campaign Act (ZVRK) (2007)

Article 17; Article 3;

SLOVENIA - Local Elections Act (2023)

SLOVENIA - National Assembly Elections Act (2017)

Article 111; Article 42; Article 43; Article 47; Article 48; Article 49; Article 50; Article 51; Article 52; Article 53; Article 53 (a);

SLOVENIA - National Assembly Elections Act (2024)

SLOVENIA - National Assembly Elections Act (2006)

Article 111; Article 42; Article 43; Article 47; Article 48; Article 49; Article 50; Article 51; Article 52; Article 53; Article 53a;

SLOVENIA – National Assembly Election Act (as of February 2024) (1992)

Article 111; Article 42; Article 44; Article 45; Article 46; Article 47; Article 48; Article 49; Article 50; Article 51; Article 52; Article 53; Article 53a; Article 54; Article 55; Article 56; Article 57; Article 58; Article 59;

SLOVENIA- National Assembly Elections Act (2000)

SPAIN - Representation of the People Institutional Act (2011)

Article 154; Article 155; Article 156; Article 157; Article 158; Article 159; Article 160; Article 169; Article 186; Article 187; Article 187 (bis); Article 192; Article 219; Article 44; Article 46; Article 48; Article 57; Artícle 71;

SWEDEN - Elections act (2021)

1.6; 2.1; 2.10; 2.11; 2.12; 2.13; 2.14; 2.15; 2.16; 2.17; 2.18; 2.19; 2.2; 2.20; 2.9; 3.7;

SWITZERLAND - Federal Act on Political Rights (2022)

Article 27; Article 32 (a); Article 21; Article 22; Article 24; Article 25 ; Article 26 ; Article 29 ; Article 3; Article 31 ; Article 56;

SWITZERLAND - Federal Act on Political Rights (2015)

Article 21; Article 22; Article 23 ; Article 24; Article 25; Article 26; Article 27 ; Article 29; Article 3; Article 31; Article 32a; Article 56;

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA - Electoral Code (2015)

TÜRKIYE - Amendments on Electoral Laws (2022)

Article 36 (Law On Political Parties (Law No. 2820));

TÜRKIYE - Basic Provisions on Elections and Voter Registers (1999)

Article 3;

TÜRKIYE - Law on Parliamentary Elections (2018)

Article 1; Article 12; Article 18; Article 20; Article 21; Article 22; Article 23;

TÜRKIYE - Law on Basic Provisions of Elections and Voter Registers (2014)

Article 148;

TÜRKIYE - Law on Basic Provisions on Elections and Voter Registers with Amendments made by Laws 7062, 7102 and 7140 (2018)

Article 4 (Additional); Article 5 (Annex);

TÜRKIYE - Law on Elections of Local Administrations and Neighborhood Mukhtars and Board of Elderman (2012)

Article 10; Article 11; Article 13; Provisional Article 3;

TÜRKIYE - Law on Presidential Elections with Amendments made by Laws 7062, 7102 and 7140 (2018)

Article 10; Article 11; Article 12; Article 6; Article 7; Article 8; Article 9;

TÜRKIYE - Parliamentary Elections (1983)

Article 3;

TÜRKIYE - Presidential Elections Law (2013)

Article 7; Article 8;

UKRAINE - Election Code (2020)

UKRAINE - Election Code (2022)

UKRAINE - Law on Elections of Deputies of Local Radas and of Village, Settlement, City Chairmen (1998)

Article 27; Article 28; Article 29; Article 30; Article 31; Article 32; Article 7;

UKRAINE - Law on Elections of People's Deputies (2001)

Article 23; Article 38; Article 42; Article 45; Article 46; Article 8; Article 84;

UKRAINE - Law on Elections of People's Deputies (2005)

Article 55; Article 57; Article 61; Article 62; Article 64; Article 9;

UKRAINE - Law on Elections of the People's Deputies (2016)

Article 10.; Article 107. ; Article 52. ; Article 53. ; Article 54.; Article 55.; Article 56.; Article 57. ; Article 58. ; Article 59.; Article 60.; Article 9.;

UKRAINE - Law on Elections of the President (2004)

Article 11; Article 25; Article 44; Article 48; Article 49; Article 50; Article 51; Article 52; Article 65; Article 66; Article 67; Article 89; Article 9; Article 90;

UKRAINE - Law on the Central Election Commission (2004)

Article 18; Article 19;

UNITED KINGDOM - Elections Act (2022)

Article 30 ; Article 32 ; Article 35;

UNITED KINGDOM - Elections Act (2024)

30; 32; 35;

ALBANIA - Joint Opinion on the Amendements to the Constitution of 30 July of 2020 and to the Electoral Code of 5 Octobre 2020 (2020)

Paragraph 16;

ALBANIA - Joint Opinion on the Electoral Law and the Electoral Practice (2011)

Paragraph 58; Paragraph 59; Paragraph 64;

ALBANIA - Joint Recommendations on the Electoral Law and the Electoral Administration (2004)

Paragraph 17; Paragraph 29; Paragraph 51; Paragraph 66;

ALBANIA - Opinion on the Scope of the Power of the President to set the Dates of Elections (2019)

Paragraph 25;

ALBANIA- Joint Opinion on the Electoral Code (2009)

Paragraph 22; Paragraph 23; Paragraph 24; Paragraph 25; Paragraph 27; Paragraph 9;

ARMENIA - Joint Final Opinion on The Electoral Code (2011)

Paragraph 6;

ARMENIA - Joint Interim Opinion on the new draft Electoral Code (2011)

Paragraph 5;

ARMENIA - Joint Opinion on Draft Amendments to the Electoral Code and Related Legislation (2023)

Paragraph 41; Paragraph 43; Paragraph 49; Paragraph 71; Paragraphe 41; Paragraphe 43; Paragraphe 49; Paragraphe 50; Paragraphe 71;

ARMENIA - Joint Opinion on the Draf Electoral Code (As of 18 April 2016) (2016)

Paragraph 11; Paragraph 12; Paragraph 123; Paragraph 124; Paragraph 13;

ARMENIA - Joint Urgent Opinion on Amendemnts to the Electoral Code and Related Legislation (2021)

Paragraph 84; Paragraph 85; Paragraph 97;

ARMENIA- Final Opinion on the Amendments to the Electoral Code (2005)

Paragraph 17;

ARMENIA- Joint Opinion on the Amendments to the Electoral Code (2007)

Paragraph 14; Paragraph 15; Paragraph 16; Paragraph 17; Paragraph 19; Paragraph 5; Paragraph 7;

ARMENIA- Joint Opinion on the Election Code (2008)

Paragraph 27; Paragraph 29; Paragraph 30; Paragraph 31; Paragraph 35; Paragraph 55;

AZERBAIJAN - Final Opinion on the amendments to the Election Code (2005)

Paragraph 25;

AZERBAIJAN - Joint Opinion on the Draft Law on amendments and changes to the Electoral Code adopted by the Council for Democratic Elections and the Venice Commission (2008)

Paragraph 13; Paragraph 14; Paragraph 15; Paragraph 16; Paragraph 17;

BELARUS - Joint Opinion on the Amendments to the Electoral Code of the Republic of Belarus (2010)

Paragraph 5.29 (.29);

BELARUS - Joint Opinion on the Electoral Legislation (2006)

Paragraph 21; Paragraph 22; Paragraph 23; Paragraph 24; Paragraph 25; Paragraph 26; Paragraph 27; Paragraph 29; Paragraph 63; Paragraph 66; Paragraph 67; Paragraph 68; Paragraph 82;

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA- Joint Opinion on amendments to the Election Law (2008)

Paragraph 11; Paragraph 12; Paragraph 16; Paragraph 18; Paragraph 19; Paragraph 20; Paragraph 21; Paragraph 22; Paragraph 23; Paragraph 24; Paragraph 6; Paragraph 7; Paragraph 8;

BULGARIA - Joint Opinion on Amendments to the Electoral Code (2017)

Paragraph 45; Paragraph 46;

BULGARIA- Joint Opinion on the Draft Election Code (2014)

Paragraph 50; Paragraph 51; Paragraph 52; Paragraph 53; Paragraph 54;

BULGARIA- Joint Opinion on the Election Code (2011)

Paragraph 3.17 (.17);

Comparative Report on thresholds and other features of electoral systems which bar parties from access to Parliament (2008)

Paragraph 10; Paragraph 7; Paragraph 8; Paragraph 9;

CROATIA - Joint Opinion on the Draft Law on Voters Lists (2007)

Paragraph 43;

GEORGIA - Joint opinion on draft amendments to the Election Code and the Law on Political Associations of Citizens (2022)

Paragraph 13; Paragraph 27; Paragraph 34;

GEORGIA - Joint Opinion on Draft Amendments to the Election Code and to the Rules of Procedure of the Parliament of Georgia (2023)

Paragraph 12; Paragraph 45;

GEORGIA - Joint Opinion on Draft Article 79 of the Election Code (2021)

Paragraph 10; Paragraph 11; Paragraph 12; Paragraph 13; Paragraph 14; Paragraph 15; Paragraph 16; Paragraph 17; Paragraph 23; Paragraph 24; Paragraph 25; Paragraph 26; Paragraph 27; Paragraph 28; Paragraph 30; Paragraph 31; Paragraph 32;

GEORGIA - Joint Opinion on the Election Code (2006)

Paragraph 17; Paragraph 22; Paragraph 25; Paragraph 37; Paragraph 46; Paragraph 48; Paragraph 61; Paragraph 64; Paragraph 65; Paragraph 66; Paragraph 67; Paragraph 68; Paragraph 69; Paragraph 70; Paragraph 71;

GEORGIA - Joint Opinion on the Election Code (2008)

Paragraph 20; Paragraph 22; Paragraph 23; Paragraph 24; Paragraph 25; Paragraph 26; Paragraph 27; Paragraph 28; Paragraph 71; Paragraph 73;

GEORGIA - Opinion on the Draft Organic Law on: Making amendments and additions into the Organic Law-Election Code of Georgia (2005)

Paragraph 26; Paragraph 27; Paragraph 29; Paragraph 35;

GEORGIA - Opinion on the Unified Election Code (2002)

Paragraph 39; Paragraph 40; Paragraph 41; Paragraph 42;

GEORGIA - Opinion on the Unified Election Code (2004)

Paragraph 27; Paragraph 28; Paragraph 30;

GEORGIA – Follow-up Opinion to the Joint Opinion of the Venice Commission and ODIHR on the Draft Amendments to the Election Code and to the Rules of Procedure of the Parliament (2024)

Paragraph 16; Paragraph 28; Paragraph 29;

GERMANY - Joint Opinion on the Amendments to the Federal Election Act (2023)

Paragraph 52; Paragraph 53 ;

HAITI - Final Opinion on Possible Constitutional and Legislative Solutions to Conduct Future Electoral Processes (2024)

Paragraph 46; Paragraph 49; Paragraph 82; Paragraph 83; Paragraph 84;

HUNGARY - Joint Opinion on the 2020 Amendments to the Electoral Legislation (2021)

Paragraph 46;

Joint Guidelines for Preventing and Responding to the Misuse of Administrative Resources during Electoral Processes (2016)

II - A. Principles (4. Neutrality); II - A. Principles (5. Transparency); II - A. Principles (6. Equality of opportunity); II - B. Prevention of the misuse of administrative resources (1. Legal framework); II - B. Prevention of the misuse of administrative resources (2. Audit); II - B. Prevention of the misuse of administrative resources (3. Political will); II - B. Prevention of the misuse of administrative resources (4. Information and awareness raising); II - C. Remedies and sanctions (2. Sanctions); Paragraph 11; Paragraph 12; Paragraph 13; Paragraph 7;

KOSOVO - Kosovo - Opinion on the “draft law on amending and supplementing the Law no. 03/l-174 on the Financing of Political Entities (Amended and Supplemented by the Law no. 04/l-058 and the Law no. 04/l-122) and the Law no. 003/l-073 on General Elections (2018)

Paragraph 18;

KYRGYZ REPUBLIC - Joint Opinion on the Draft Law on Presidential and Parliamentary Elections, The Draft Law on Elections to Local Governments and the Draft Law on the Formation of Election Commissions (2011)

Paragraph 37; Paragraph 38; Paragraph 39; Paragraph 40; Paragraph 41; Paragraph 42; Paragraph 43;

KYRGYZ REPUBLIC- Joint Opinion on the Draft Electoral Law (2014)

Paragraph 128; Paragraph 22; Paragraph 23; Paragraph 24; Paragraph 25; Paragraph 52; Paragraph 53; Paragraph 54; Paragraph 55; Paragraph 56; Paragraph 57;

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinion on Amendments to the Electoral Code and other Related Laws Concerning Ineligibility of Persons Connected to Political Parties Declared Unconstitutional (2023)

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinion on the Draft Law on Changes to the Electoral Code (2016)

Paragraph 12; Paragraph 13; Paragraph 14; Paragraph 15;

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinion on the Draft Laws on Amending and Completing Certain Legislative Acts (Electoral System for the Election of the Parliament) (2017)

Paragraph 78;

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinión on the Law for Amending and Completing Certain Legislative Acts (Electoral System for the Election of the Parliament) (2018)

Paragraph 50; Paragraph 51; Paragraph 52;

MOLDOVA - Joint Opinion on the Legal Framework of Governing the Funding of Political Parties and Electoral Campaigns (2017)

Paragraph 59;

MOLDOVA – Urgent joint opinion on the draft Law no. 263 amending the Electoral Code, the Contravention Code and the Code of Audiovisual Media Services (2020)

Paragraph 20; Paragraph 22;

MOLDOVA- Joint Opinion on the Draft Working Text amending the Election Code (2010)

Paragraph 4.31 (.31);

MOLDOVA- Joint Opinion on the Election Code (2008)

MOLDOVA- Joint Opinion on the Electoral Code (2007)

Paragraph 35; Paragraph 36; Paragraph 37; Paragraph 38; Paragraph 39; Paragraph 40; Paragraph 41; Paragraph 42; Paragraph 43; Paragraph 64;

MOLDOVA- Joint Opinion on the Electoral Code (2006)

Paragraph 103; Paragraph 110; Paragraph 111; Paragraph 112; Paragraph 113; Paragraph 114; Paragraph 86; Paragraph 90;

MOLDOVA- Joint Recommendations on the Electoral Law and the Electoral Administration (2004)

Paragraph 24; Paragraph 48; Paragraph 49; Paragraph 50; Paragraph 51; Paragraph 53; Paragraph 54; Paragraph 55; Paragraph 56; Paragraph 57; Paragraph 58; Paragraph 59; Paragraph 60; Paragraph 61; Paragraph 62; Paragraph 63; Paragraph 69;

MOLDOVA- Opinion on the Election Law (2003)

Paragraph 74; Paragraph 75; Paragraph 76; Paragraph 77; Paragraph 78; Paragraph 80; Paragraph 81; Paragraph 94;

MOLDOVA- Opinion on the Law of the Gagauz Autonomous Territorial Unit of the Election of the Governor of Gagauzia (2007)

Paragraph 53; Paragraph 55; Paragraph 56; Paragraph 57; Paragraph 58; Paragraph 59; Paragraph 60; Paragraph 61; Paragraph 62;

MONTENEGRO - Urgent Joint Opinion on the Draft Law on Elections of Members of Parliament and Councillors (2020)

Paragraph 25; Paragraph 54; Paragraph 55; Paragraph 56; Paragraph 57; Paragraph 58;

MONTENEGRO- Joint Opinion on the Draft Law on Amendments to the Law on Election of Councillors and Members of Parliament (2011)

Paragraph 2.6 (.6);

MONTENEGRO- Opinion on the Compatibility of the Existing Legislation Concerning the Organisation of Referendums with Applicable International Standards (2005)

Paragraph 45; Paragraph 48; Paragraph 49;

Principles for a Fundamental Rights-Complaint use of Digital Technologies in Electoral Processes (2020)

Paragraph 7;

Report on Democracy, Limitation of Mandates and Incompatibility of Political Functions (2012)

Paragraph 23; Paragraph 86; Paragraph 88;

Report on Election Dispute Resolution (2020)

Report on Electoral Law and Electoral Administration in Europe (2020)

Report on Electoral Rules and Affirmative Action for National Minorities´Participation in Decision-Making Process in European Countries (2005)

Paragraph 23; Paragraph 28; Paragraph 45; Paragraph 46; Paragraph 49; Paragraph 51;

Report on Term-Limits Part I - Presidents (2018)

Paragraph 103; Paragraph 117; Paragraph 66; Paragraph 72;

Report on Term-Limits Part II - Members of Parliament- Part III - Representatives elected at Sub-national and Local Level and Executive Officials electred at Sub-national and Local Level (2019)

Paragraph 53;

Report on the Abolition of Restrictions on the right to vote in General Elections (2005)

Report on the Identification of Electoral Irregularities by Statistical Methods (2018)

Paragraph 16; Paragraph 29; Paragraph 35; Paragraph 72;

Report on the Identification of Electoral Irregularities by Statistical Methods (2018)

Paragraph 16; Paragraph 29; Paragraph 35; Paragraph 72;

Report on the Impact of Electoral Systems on Women's Representation in Politics (2009)

Paragraph 35;

Report on the Misuse of Administrative Resources during Electoral Processes (2013)

Report on the Thresholds and other Features of Electoral Systems which bar Parties from acces to Parliament (II) (2010)

Paragraph 10; Paragraph 11; Paragraph 4; Paragraph 6; Paragraph 7; Paragraph 8; Paragraph 9;

Report out-of Country Voting (2011)

Paragraph 17;

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA - Joint Amicus Curiae Brief on the Ineligibility of Persons Connected to Political Parties Declared Unconstitutional (2023)

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA - Joint Follow-up Opinion to the Joint Opinion on Amendments to the Electoral Code and other Related Laws Concerning Ineligibility of Persons Connected to Political Parties Declared Unconstitutional (2023)

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA - Joint Opinion on the Draft Electoral Code (2022)

Paragraph 122; Paragraph 127; Paragraph 130; Paragraph 17; Paragraph 65; Paragraph 66; Paragraph 68; Paragraph 69;

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA – Amicus curiae brief on the status of, and the measures concerning, successor parties of political parties declared unconstitutional (2026)

Paragraph 61;

Revised Code of Good Practice on Referendums (2022)

I (2.2);

RUSSIAN FEDERATION- Opinion on the Federal Law on the Election of the Deputies of the State Duma (2012)

Paragraph 4.1 (.1); Paragraph 4.7.75 (.7.75);

SERBIA - Joint opinion on the constitutional and legal framework governing the functioning of democratic institutions - Electoral law and electoral administration (2022)

Paragraph 130; Paragraph 131; Paragraph 132; Paragraph 133;

SERBIA - Joint Recommendations on the Laws on Parliamentary, Presidential and Local Elections and Electoral Administration (2006)

Paragraph 13; Paragraph 35; Paragraph 36; Paragraph 37; Paragraph 38; Paragraph 42; Paragraph 43; Paragraph 44; Paragraph 71; Paragraph 83; Paragraph 84;

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA - Joint Opinion on the Electoral Code as Amended on 9 November 2015 (2016)

Paragraph 43;

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA- Joint Opinion on the Electoral Code (2006)

Paragraph 100; Paragraph 101; Paragraph 104; Paragraph 105; Paragraph 109; Paragraph 110; Paragraph 117; Paragraph 118; Paragraph 119; Paragraph 125; Paragraph 165; Paragraph 166; Paragraph 99;

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA- Joint Opinion on the Revised Electoral Code (2011)

Paragraph 3B (B); Paragraph 3B.15 (B.15); Paragraph 3B.17 (B.17); Paragraph 3D.28 (D.28);

TÜRKIYE - Joint Opinion on Amendments to the Electoral Legislation and Related "Harmonisation Laws" Adopted in March and April 2018 (2018)

Paragraph 50; Paragraph 51; Paragraph 56; Paragraph 59;

TÜRKIYE - Opinion on the Replacement of Elected Candidates and Mayors (2020)

UKRAINE - Amicus Curiae Brief on Additional Sanctions for Committing an Administrative Offense (2023)

UKRAINE - Joint Opinion on the Draft Amendments to the Laws on Election of People's Deputies and on the Central Election Commission and on the Draft Law on Repeat Elections of Ukraine (2013)

Paragraph 101; Paragraph 58; Paragraph 60; Paragraph 61; Paragraph 62; Paragraph 63; Paragraph 64;

UKRAINE - Joint Opinion on the Draft Law No. 3366 about Elections to the Parliament (2009)

Paragraph 10; Paragraph 12; Paragraph 13; Paragraph 14; Paragraph 18; Paragraph 20;

UKRAINE - Joint Opinion on the Draft Law on Elections of People's Deputies (2011)

Paragraph 67; Paragraph 68; Paragraph 69; Paragraph 73; Paragraph 74; Paragraph 75; Paragraph 76; Paragraph 77; Paragraph 79;

UKRAINE - Opinion on the Draft Election Code of the Verkhovna Rada (2010)

Paragraph 3.15 (.15); Paragraph 3.17 (.17);

UKRAINE- Opinion on the draft Law on election of people's deputies (Draft introducted by people's deputies S. Havrish, Y. Ioffe and H. Dashutin) (2003)

Paragraph 14; Paragraph 22; Paragraph 23; Paragraph 24; Paragraph 31;

UKRANIE - Joint Opinion on the Draft Law Amending Certain Legislative Acts Which Restrict the Participation in the State Power of Persons Associated with Political Parties Whose Activities are Prohibited by Law (2023)

Report on Electoral Systems - Overview of available solutions and selection criteria (2003)

Paragraph 91;