As has been described in the Joint report, there is a range of international and Council of Europe standards which are aimed at protecting the integrity of elections, ensuring they are free and fair, and not captured by a narrow range of interests. However, the legislative steps taken in the past focused on the offline context and their applicability and efficacy turned out to be severely limited in the information age – when democracy too has to adapt to the electronic environment (“e-democracy”). Inter alia, spending limits imposed on broadcasting have become less meaningful in times of digital advertising while transparency regulations ensuring that citizens are aware of campaign finance and spending are difficult, if not impossible to implement across borders in the digital environment. Problems in this area include, among others, outdated regulation of electoral campaigning from the perspective of media coverage, as well as the wider perspective of electoral communication; the enhanced role of internet intermediaries without enhanced responsibilities; lack of transparency of digital spending; difficulties in tracking the sources of campaign financing; political redlining – only engaging with voters considered worthy of campaigning (swing, undecided voters); decline of the journalism ethics filter; and privacy concerns.