In order to ensure equality of opportunities for electoral contestants, moreover, “electoral campaign expenses shall be limited to a ceiling, appropriate to the situation in the country and fixed in proportion to the number of votes concerned” (CDL-INF(2001)8, para 8). In fact, there are limits on the amount of total or electoral expenses of parties and/or candidates in a number of European countries (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Portugal, San Marino, Slovenia, and Spain). However, in more than half of CoE member states, there are no limits on the amount a party can spend. In order to prevent increasingly high levels of election spending and to ensure equality of opportunity, with respect for democratic participation and fundamental rights, including freedom of association and expression, it might be considered establishing by law reasonable limits to campaign expenditures, if not existent.