There is no clear trend in this respect and the various national laws are divided in their approach.  In general terms, the following countries apply parallelism of procedures and consequently require proposed amendments to provisions already approved by referendum to be put to a further referendum (mandatory or consultative): Albania, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Italy, Malta, Switzerland and “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”.  Where the referendum is abrogative (legislative referendum in Albania, Italy and Malta), a parliamentary amendment running counter to the decision taken by referendum can, in theory, enter into force, but this is viewed as a politically unwise move.  In Russia, a provision approved by referendum may be annulled or revised only by referendum unless another procedure had been stipulated in the text submitted in the original referendum. A new referendum cannot take place for two, or even five years.