Compared to traditional broadcast and print media, social media flow freely across borders, and in most countries social media and campaigning online are not regulated in the context of elections to the extent that traditional media and traditional campaigning are. Yet the liberal character of social media does not mean that it is beyond national regulation and enforcement in the context of elections. The increasing importance of online campaigning– including by use of AI, which has the potential to magnify the effect of disinformation and manipulation of public opinion – raises new challenges in relation to 1) campaign propaganda, disinformation and the content of campaign messaging; and 2) the rules on campaign finance and transparency, including restrictions on contributions from anonymous and foreign sources, and on misuse of administrative resources. From a legal point of view, it is important to distinguish between these two matters.