Secondly, the scope of Article 52 of the Contravention Code on prohibited election campaigning is broadened by banning a) campaigning during the electoral period, until the start of the official campaign period; and b) campaigning during the election period by non-commercial organisations, trade unions, employers' associations, entities not registered as electoral competitors, representatives of religious denominations or their constituent parts, including in places of worship. There are no international standards which would precisely define what kind of campaign activities may be prohibited prior to the official campaign period or carried out by third parties such as non-commercial organisations or trade unions. That said, the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters stresses that under the ECHR any restrictions to freedom of expression and to freedom of assembly and association for political purposes must comply with the requirement that they have a basis in law, are in the general interest and respect the principle of proportionality, and that respect for these freedoms is vital particularly during election campaigns. The Joint Guidelines on Political Party Regulation60 state that legislation should provide clear rules and guidelines regarding which activities are not allowed during the pre-election campaign, and what income and expenditures for such activities during this time should be regarded as campaign resources subject to proper review and sanction; they advocate for strong systems for financial reporting by political parties outside of elections in order to limit possible abuse by political parties attempting to circumvent campaign finance regulations by conducting activities during a “pre-electoral” period.