Concerns regarding the accuracy of voter lists and potential impersonation of voters de facto residing abroad have underlain longstanding opposition and civil society calls to publish signed – or stamped – voter lists after election day. Considering the importance of ensuring a balance between data protection and the secrecy of the vote on the one hand and stakeholders’ interest in consulting the signed voter lists on the other, the Venice Commission and OSCE/ODIHR recommended in the first Joint Opinion, as a confidence building measure, to allow meaningful consultation of signed (or stamped) voter lists by “candidate proxies and observers under controlled conditions and with a reasonable timeframe. It is also recommended that other measures be adopted, such as initiating independent reviews of the signed lists under confidentiality obligation”. Finally, the Joint Opinion further recommended that “The code should also clearly spell out the right to make complaints about any irregularities discovered during review of signed voter lists and ensure their timely consideration”.