Article 32.1 retains mandatory testing and certification of citizen observers. The Venice Commission and the OSCE/ODIHR have previously recommended that these requirements be reconsidered.Moreover, citizen observers are required to take the same test and obtain the same qualification certificate for carrying out observation activities that Articles 32.1 and 3 prescribe for members of election commissions. Although, according to Article 32.1, national observers “can be present at the sittings of election commissions”, they are not members of election commissions. Furthermore, Article 32.2 prohibits observers to make claims or intervene in the activities of election commissions and the voting process. It is clear that the role of observers and of members of the election commissions during the elections is substantially different. Therefore, the testing and certification requirements for citizen observers should be removed.