Deciding whether electoral results are incorrect or have been manipulated, altered, or falsified amounts to a (binary) classification problem: label a given election as “clean” or as“tainted.” “Tainted” might mean that the electoral outcome is wrong--i.e., that the reported winner(s) did not actually win--or merely that the reported numbers are wrong, depending on context. “Clean” might mean that the reported numbers are accurate, or that the announced winners are the true winners, despite any errors or malfeasance that might have occurred.