Fourth, Kalinin and Mebane (2017) report patterns in electoral results that raised  the suspicion that an electoral commission adapted its manipulations in order commit fraud in a way that standard statistical procedures will not detect. If a standardised package of statistical procedures is established to vet electoral results (e.g. Hicken & Mebane 2015), then fraudsters can take countermeasures to ensure that their work will pass the tests. For instance, by randomising some of the manipulated numbers, statistical tests that are based on numeral distributions will no longer identify these results as irregular.