A special case of recall (with the simultaneous election of a new mayor) may be found in Spain, where Article 197.4 of the Organic Law on General Electoral System regulates a special regime for small municipalities, with the so-called system of "concejo abierto". This is an exceptional and traditional system from the Middle Age with direct election of the mayor by citizens, without councillors, allowing citizens to initiate and pass a constructive motion of non-confidence.