The misuse of administrative resources includes accordingly the use of equipment (i.e. the use of phones, vehicles, meeting rooms, etc.) as well as access to human resources (i.e. civil servants, officials…) in ministries and among territorial and local public institutions aimed at promoting the campaigns’ activities of the incumbents. Such abuses lead to inequality between candidates, particularly between incumbents and other political parties or candidates and even more for those having no representation in parliament. Moreover, it should be noted that despite the focus of the report on elections to parliaments, the report could also apply to territorial and local self-government bodies. Furthermore, in order to limit the scope of the study, the report retains the public institutions as main actors of misuse of administrative resources. This does not exclude semi-public bodies such as state-owned enterprises, semi-public institutions, public agencies and their employees, which are subject to political pressure and can be abused for the purpose of electoral campaigning.