After party registration and access to ballot, there is also regulation of access to campaign funding and media (public funding, indirect state subsidies, access to broadcasting). This, too, may function as an important threshold for parties’ access to parliament. It is well established that “access to money and television are two of the most important factors that help parties in conveying their message and mobilizing potential supporters.” Particular regulation in these fields could lead either to a “political cartel”, reinforcing the relative power of parties already in parliament, or, alternatively, generate a more level playing field, thereby boosting opportunities for minor/new parties. For instance, when resources are distributed based on percentage of seats in the current parliament, as in Switzerland or the Netherlands, then such provisions can, other things being equal, act more as a cartel allocating public goods to current parliamentary parties. The threshold for access to parliament by minor/new parties is relatively higher in these circumstances. By contrast, minor/new parties have grater chance when these resources are allocated on a more egalitarian basis, whether the allocation is based on the percentage of votes cast in the previous or current elections (e.g. Spain) on the number of candidates running (e.g. allocation of airtime in UK), or equally across all registered parties (e.g. Russia). The most minimal allocation of campaign funding and free broadcasting access are found in states like Austria, Finland, Iceland, Switzerland, and the most equitable ones in states like Russia, Italy and Spain.