We will consider two particular examples of such effects, though there are others.

- Turkey: for the 2002 elections, the party in power decided to introduce a 10% threshold of votes cast, probably to prevent the Kurdish party from gaining representation. What it failed to anticipate was that it would itself fail to reach this figure and that the so-called "proportional" system would give the following curious results:
                        % of votes         Seats         % of seats
AKP                         34.2            361               66.9
CHP                         19.5            179               33.1
Not represented         46.3            0                   0
                            
                                100.0          540             100.0