In the case of states whose citizens live abroad in large numbers, to the extent that their votes could appreciably affect election results, it seems more appropriate to provide parliamentary representation for the citizens resident abroad by pre-defined numbers of members of parliament elected by them.  A solution of this kind has been adopted in, for example, France (in the Senate 12 senators represent French citizens living abroad), Italy (12 MPs and four senators represent Italian citizens living abroad; however, these citizens may chose between registering in a constituency within the country or in the constituency of Italians abroad) and Portugal (Portuguese citizens living abroad have four members of parliament).