In theory, such affirmative action electoral rules can be formulated for the various dimensions of the electoral system and the electoral law. In practice, various measures in the form of electoral rules are also implemented in the different European countries. The most frequently used affirmative action electoral rules are found in the following areas:

• the electoral system in general (proportional or mixed system)


• the voting right (dual voting right and special voters lists)


• the numerical threshold 


• the electoral districts (their size, form and magnitude) 


• reserved seats 


• representation (over-representation) 


• use of the national minorities language in the electoral process.