Combined electoral systems, such as, for example, Mixed Member Proportional Systems, appear to be more conducive to women’s parliamentary representation than plurality or majority systems, but less favourable to women’s election than traditional proportional representation systems. Not surprisingly, women’s parliamentary representation in New Zealand increased significantly, from 21.2% in 1993 to 29.2% in 1996, after the country changed its electoral system from the plurality system in single-member districts to a Mixed Member Proportional System. In the 2008 elections, the highest proportion of female representatives to date (34%) was reached there. Recent data on women’s representation in Germany (32%) is similar to that for New Zealand. The “bonus systems” in Italy and San Marino represent very special combined systems.