As previously stated, such threats may not only lead to the alteration of final election results but may also harm fundamental democratic principles such as transparency or secrecy of the vote, among others. The ways by which they erode confidence in the democratic system and cast doubt upon the legitimacy of elected officials are almost as important. In any case, the aforementioned threats challenge both the “electoral democracy” – understood as the institutional activities and infrastructure that make elections possible, and commonly known in the internet context as “e-government” –, the “deliberative democracy” – understood as the participation by individuals in open debate in the belief that it will lead to better decisions on matters of common concern – and the “monitory democracy” – understood as the public accountability and public control of decision makers, whether they operate in the field of state or interstate institutions or within so-called non-governmental or civil society organisations, such as businesses, trade unions, sports associations and charities. Cyberthreats to elections thus take different forms depending on whether they concern electoral democracy (through attacks against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of election computers and data) or deliberative/monitory democracy (through information operations with violations of rules to ensure free, fair and clean elections).