This constant and simultaneous flux of information in real time across multiple platforms represents a huge challenge for the surveillance of behaviour and resources during political campaigns. There are, roughly speaking, two different forms of problematic electoral campaigning which are facilitated in this context; firstly, manipulation by political parties, candidates and their campaigns and secondly, malicious activities such as concerted disinformation campaigns, problematic accounts (bots amplifying false messages, accounts impersonating legitimate actors, etc.) or cyber espionage, which involve potentially illegal activities. Moreover, the scattered and anonymous creation of content seriously hampers the identification and attribution of responsibilities for illegal online behaviours, where voters may be seriously affected in their decisions by misleading, manipulative and false information designed to influence their votes, undermining the exercise of the right to free elections and creates considerable risks to the functioning of a democratic system. Furthermore, the algorithms that govern search engines and social media may foster a partial and sometimes illusory understanding of politics and democracy.