Apart from the mixed systems that generally combine a single-member-constituency and a (possibly compensatory) proportional vote – and where the voters may in general vote for a candidate in single-mandate constituencies as well as for a candidate list in a larger constituency – and the very few countries using a single-transferable-vote system –, most of the countries analysed in the report use a party-list proportional representation system. Party-list proportional representation systems can be either closed- or open-list systems.