Open-list systems introduce a competition among candidates of the same party. In most countries, this gives incentives for a positive campaign by the candidates, all fighting for the parties’ platforms against other parties. There is a risk, however, that candidates direct their campaign against fellow candidates of the same party. This can lead to personalisation of politics reducing the importance of parties’ platforms and ideas. The cost of the stability ensured by the closed-list system is that the party determines all.