Internet platforms and social media are increasingly used for “doxing” operations (i.e. hacking and leaking of non-public information), malinformation operations (i.e. online threats, targeted harassment and hate speech) as well as disinformation operations (i.e. spreading false or misleading information) which aim at harming electoral contestants and undermining the integrity and credibility of elections. Spreading mal- and disinformation and pushing polarised messages via online media may even severely aggravate divides and conflicts in society before, during and after elections. In a number of cases, organised cyber troops, consisting of government, military or political party teams, disseminate non-public or untrue information to manipulate public opinion before elections (CDL-AD(2019)016, para. 40).