Home > 1.2.1 Equal voting rights > Report on Electoral Law and Electoral Administration in Europe
 
 
 
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Paragraph 202
 

The ballot form depends largely on the electoral system, particularly on the number and type of votes the voter is entitled to have (personal vote, list vote, preferential vote, alternative vote, etc.). Still unusual for European democracies, however, is the possibility of casting a negative vote (“against all”). The “against all voting” option was used, for instance, in the Russian Federation until 2006, and it was introduced in Bulgaria in 2016. It gives voters the possibility of rejecting the entire field of candidates or parties. In this way, however, political and party apathy in society can be strengthened if the voters are able to simply reject candidates and parties instead of making the (often not easy) decision as to who is better (or best of the worst) candidate or party. As part of a long electoral tradition, however, in Spain and Latin America voters can cast a blank vote (voto blanco), if they are willing (or obliged) to participate in elections but do not wish to vote for any of the candidates or parties. Interestingly, the number of blank votes was very low in recent parliamentary elections in Spain.