E-voting comprises the e-casting of the vote, both via electronic voting machines (EVM) in the “controlled environment” of a polling station or via the Internet (i-voting) in an “uncontrolled environment”, not supervised by election officials. Furthermore, e-voting includes e-counting. However, there is sometimes no e-casting, but only e-counting of ballot papers, for example, by using optical scanners which read and digitise the ballot papers, before they are automatically counted. While a number of countries outside Europe have introduced some form of e-voting, it is so far only practised in a few CoE member states in national elections.