In most CoE member states, the decisions on certifying the electoral results are taken by election management bodies and/or parliaments. While in some cases judicial bodies are involved in the certification process even without any complaints, in most countries judicial bodies are involved in the certification or cancellation of electoral results on the basis of complaints or appeals. The competent courts to review the complaints or appeals in matters concerning the certification of electoral results are often constitutional courts (see CDL-AD(2009)054). In France, the constitutional council is even the only instance for appeals against the validity of elections.