The decisions regarding voting and counting/tabulation procedures, which are very sensitive stages of the electoral process in any country, require the possibility of an appeal in second instance at least, as recommended by international standards. Contesting in first instance a voting procedure or a procedure concerning the counting and tabulation period means in most cases complaining about a situation occurring at the polling station, i.e. either during the pre-opening stage, during the polling or during the counting and tabulation stages – if they take place at the polling station. Such a complaint should as a rule go to the superior election commission or to a court when it regards an action or inaction by the central election body. At least this works for the countries having autonomous, i.e. separate election commissions vis-à-vis the public administration. In these systems, where most of the countries have a three-tier election administration, the election-day related operations contested will be dealt with by the competent district or regional – or equivalent – election commission. A complaint on a decision or action or inaction done by the intermediate level of election commissions will be generally contested before the central election body. Where such a separate structure of election administration does not exist, it can be justified that the complainant goes to the competent – most often local or regional – court to challenge a voting or counting/tabulation procedure in first instance. Indeed, there would be a risk of conflict of interest or of a lack of impartiality if a local, regional or central competent administration – a municipality or a directorate of a ministry for instance – were competent to judge on complaints on decisions or actions or inactions done by its own administration/employees. There is still a minority of countries where such complaints go to ad hoc committees or municipalities’ councils or similar bodies. As raised earlier, if in principle nothing prevents from exercising such a right to challenge a decision, action or inaction before other bodies than election commissions or courts, an ad hoc committee and even more an elected body do not seem to be the appropriate instances to deal with election-day related issues.