Election dispute resolution systems are primarily remedies to the state’s failure to comply with electoral law. While the decisions, actions or inactions open to challenge are those of state – national or local/regional – authorities, the question is whether grounds for complaint should be limited to the violation of electoral rights by decisions, actions or inactions of election authorities, other electoral stakeholders – candidates, political parties, non-governmental organisations observing elections, media broadcasters or internet providers –, or extended to the consequences of the behaviour of private subjects, e.g. individual election observers. As electoral rights can be affected by private persons or groups, grounds for complaints might also include inactions and inadequate behaviour by private persons or groups as previously described.