However, combined with the broad concept of campaigning in Article 20.4 and 5, i.e. “description of possible consequences (positive or negative) in case of election of candidates, political parties (alliances of political parties)”, even journalism and academic commentaries could be considered election campaigning according to the amendments. These are legitimate pursuits that are and should be outside candidates’ control and thus the remit of the election campaign regulation. Considering that Article 20.16 and 17 makes the candidates accountable for violations of campaigning rules, it is important that the drafters narrow the definitions of campaigning to measures within candidates’ or political parties’ control. In this respect, Article 20.17 follows the recommendation in the 2016 Joint Opinion to provide for a range of clear and proportionate sanctions.