On substance, the Venice Commission notes that international standards including the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) recognise positive obligations of the State to ensure gender equality – as did the Constitutional Court of Georgia in a judgment of 2020, in which it confirmed the constitutionality of the temporary gender quotas as far as their applicability to women was concerned. While it is for each country to decide how to improve gender equality in democratic institutions, including the Parliament, it has been demonstrated that gender quotas can strongly influence women’s parliamentary representation, and they are not contrary to the principle of equal suffrage if they have a constitutional basis, as in Georgia. Figures show that the representation of women in Georgian politics did increase after the introduction of mandatory gender quotas, but that more progress is necessary: women’s representation increased to 19.1% in Parliament, following the 2020 elections, and to 24% in local councils, following the 2021 elections. However, this remains far from the recommended European standard of 40% of the representation of either women or men in any decision-making body in political or public life.