On the other hand, as fraud or other irregularities – even on a large scale – can never be excluded, the possibility to partially or fully invalidate election results must be provided for in one form or another. This is also obvious from a comparative analysis of election laws.21 The Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters requires an effective system of appeal and states, in particular, that “the appeal body must have authority to annul elections where irregularities may have affected the outcome.”22