Elections can be falsified or distorted in many ways. The Venice Commission has already noted that “in principle, any breach of electoral law affects the exercise of electoral rights, freedoms, and interests of electoral stakeholders directly or indirectly, or possibly affects the outcome of elections.”50 Whilst all violations of electoral rules may therefore in principle lead to the annulment of the election result, some States define in their legislation – with different legislative techniques – which irregularities may actually lead to an invalidation of the elections. One possibility is to draw up a list, which can be either exhaustive or exemplary. Exhaustive lists carry the risk of excluding the possibility of reacting to new forms of intrusion in the electoral process, unless the listed grounds for cancellation are rather generally worded; exemplary lists, on the other hand, provide some guidance, but do not necessarily make the process of control more foreseeable than open clauses.51 Some States refer exclusively to the violation of election laws, others also include the violation of other laws. Whatever the technique used, the constitutional court will always have a leeway to evaluate the seriousness of the irregularity and the causality of the irregularity for the outcome of the elections. In its 2009 Report on the cancellation of election results the Venice Commission, based on the replies to the questionnaire, has drawn up a list of reasons for cancellation of election results in member States’ practice.52