The Republic of Moldova held its last local elections on 5 November 2023, presidential elections on 20 October and 3 November 2024 (the first round together with a constitutional referendum), and parliamentary elections on 28 September 2025. The 2023 local elections were marked by numerous and credible reports of electoral corruption, illegal campaign and party financing and interference of foreign and/or criminal groups with a view to distorting the will of voters. The campaign for the constitutional referendum and the presidential elections were marked by an unprecedented scale of foreign interference and disinformation, predominantly on behalf of the Russian Federation. The parliamentary elections were also marked by a complex and well-coordinated network of hybrid attacks, notably involving illicit financing, cyber-attacks, and disinformation campaigns.