From the standpoint of international electoral and human-rights standards, the objectives pursued by Article VI – the protection of democratic institutions, the integrity of elections, and the prevention of systemic corruption – are legitimate. Yet, the cumulative effect of the measures significantly increases the regulatory and coercive reach of the State over political parties, an area that lies at the core of political pluralism. Their compatibility with the right to freedom of association therefore hinges on strict adherence to principles of necessity and proportionality, the existence of clear and foreseeable legal criteria, and the availability of robust judicial guarantees. In particular, determinations concerning the existence of “successor” parties and the imposition of sanctions must rely on compelling evidence and individualised assessments, subject to effective judicial review. Absent such safeguards, there is a risk that measures designed to protect the democratic order could be perceived as constraining legitimate political competition or opposition activity. The following paragraphs provide a more detailed commentary on some important areas affected by the changes to the Law on Political Parties.