Election campaigns represent an essential forum for the exercise of fundamental rights – such as freedom of expression (Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)) and freedom of association (Article 11 ECHR, Article 22 ICCPR). The latter are preconditions for ensuring the right to political participation (Article 3 Protocol 1 ECHR, Article 25 ICCPR). The first part of the analysis will examine the extent to which freedom of expression rights are engaged or may be restricted in relation to expression which may be characterised as hostile to migrants, asylum seekers and refugees having regard, in particular, to Article 10, Article 8 and Article 17 of the ECHR.