There is evidence that foreign powers hostile to the European Union have used migration as a theme for their disinformation and interference campaigns. Recently, in the judgment Bradshaw and Others v. the United Kingdom, the Court recognised that Russian interference constituted a credible, significant, and ongoing threat to British and European democracy. In this respect, the Court acknowledged that Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 might require a state to adopt positive measures to protect the integrity of its electoral processes in case of credible evidence of interference by a hostile State, such as disinformation campaigns, cyber-attacks, and online manipulation during election campaigns. The Court observed that the United Kingdom had adopted a set of legal and regulatory reforms which, taken together, were reasonable and adequate within its wide margin of appreciation. Although the Court stressed that such measures must remain under constant review — given the dynamic and evolving nature of disinformation and digital manipulation techniques — it concluded that the essence of the applicants’ right to free elections had not been undermined.